#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 221 \textclass report \begin_preamble \input{preamble} \end_preamble \language english \inputencoding auto \fontscheme times \graphics default \paperfontsize 11 \spacing double \papersize letterpaper \paperpackage a4 \use_geometry 1 \use_amsmath 1 \use_natbib 1 \use_numerical_citations 1 \paperorientation portrait \leftmargin 1.5in \topmargin 0.9in \rightmargin 1in \bottommargin 1in \headsep 0.17in \footskip 0in \secnumdepth 4 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation indent \defskip medskip \quotes_language english \quotes_times 2 \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle fancy \layout Chapter Performance Analysis \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Performance-Analysis} \end_inset \layout Standard Hundreds of tests were done using a socket connection Perl script. The Perl script would establish a connection and transmit configuration parameters for both the client and server. The script would wait a given time to verify the settings were accepted on the server and use apache bench as a web benchmark. Apache bench contains statistical information. For many tests, the webpage was retrieved up to 5 times and if the mean and median were not within a given threshold, the test would be invalidated. \layout Standard These results were collected and verified. The results below are of the average bandwidth given in kilobytes per second. A diagram of the setup will help visualize the test scenario. The computers in the testbed and used for these results were 10 machines (with the same configuration) running Linux Fedora Core One with 600 MHz Pentium III processors and 256 megabytes of memory with a modified 2.4.24 Linux kernel. Kernel modifications were in the INET network implementation, and additional proc values were added to enable access to these kernel values. \layout Section Baseline results \layout Standard These are the baseline results with no bandwidth limiting, weighting different paths, or buffering incoming packets. The remainder of the chapter tests deals with these different scenarios. These results are straight baseline results. Below in Fig\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:TypesOfConnections} \end_inset shows the four different types of connections. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/10connectionTypes.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:TypesOfConnections} \end_inset Types of connections \end_inset \layout Standard Direct connection is a connection without any modifications. IP Tunnel is a connection using packet with two IP headers. The first header goes to the intermediate proxy (or gateway) and is stripped off. The second header contains the destination's IP address and is routed to the destination by the intermediate proxy. \layout Standard Multiple path routing uses IP tunneling and kernel modifications to switch the intermediate server. Multiple Path Routing with Packet Buffering has a buffer before the TCP processing kernel code. This buffer sorts out of sequence packets. \layout Standard Below are the results both in Table\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:Baseline} \end_inset and Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{graph:Baseline} \end_inset displaying the control bandwidth for the different types of connections. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/11GraphBaseline.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{graph:Baseline} \end_inset Baseline results \end_inset \layout Standard The multiple path tests are done over five intermediate servers (or nodes). Since there is no kernel code modifications for the Direct Connection and IP Tunnel connections only one node is listed. This is to represent no intermediate node for these two connections. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 0 or 1 node \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 nodes \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 3 nodes \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 4 nodes \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 5 nodes \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Direct Connect \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 11228.4 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Direct Connect (Other Compute) \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 11398.82 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard IP Tunnel \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 10651.68 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard IP Tunnel (Other Computer) \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 11244.47 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Multipath \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 8645.98 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 11001.57 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 10010.8 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 10748.66 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 10478.11 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Multipath with buffering \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 9875.86 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 10206.51 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 9699.83 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 9996.66 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 11049.27 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:Baseline} \end_inset Baseline results \end_inset \layout Standard The Direct Connection and the IP Tunnel were also benchmarked on other machines to further test the control. These two additional results were added to the table but are not in the Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{graph:Baseline} \end_inset . These additional baseline tests were done on Pentium III's with 1 Gigahertz processors. \layout Section Bandwidth controlled scenario \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Bandwidth-controlled-scenario} \end_inset \layout Standard The first scenario is to rate the overall connection speed to a set bandwidth and see how the result bandwidth between the server and the client is affected. The purpose of this test is to eliminate any additional factors assisting the TCP processing (e.g., high bandwidth allowing for quick recovery for out of sequence packets); it also provides a more real world scenario because long distance Internet connections generally do not have 100 megabit bandwidth. It least not at the time of the writing of this thesis. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/12bandwidthRestriction.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: bandwidth limited scenario} \end_inset Bandwidth limited scenario \end_inset \layout Standard The next set of graphs will be broken up based on connection. The first two graphs will not have any intermediate nodes. There are two sets of bandwidth in addition to the number of nodes. The bandwidth for each bar (located in the key) is the bandwidth the connection is bandwidth rate limited. The x-axis is the result bandwidth between the client and the server. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/13DirectConnectRateLimit.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{graph: DirectConnection w/ bandwidth limiting} \end_inset Direct connection with bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 250 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 500 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Direct Connect \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 19.16 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 47.89 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 95.68 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 143.57 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 191.1 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 238.93 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 475.91 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:Baseline} \end_inset Direct connection with bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard For direct connection scenario baseline, the resultant bandwidth shows a coorlation to the bandwidth restrictions. For example, 19.16 kB/s is the resultant bandwidth for a restriction set at 20 kB/s. This verifies the restrictors works with a small devation of less than 9 percent. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/14IPTunnelRateLimit.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: IPTunnel w/ bandwidth limiting} \end_inset IP Tunnel with bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 250 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 500 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard IP Tunnel \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 19.18 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 47.91 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 95.84 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 148.8 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 191.5 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 239.81 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 477.58 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:IPTunnel w/ bandwidth limiting} \end_inset IP Tunnel with bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard One observation shown in the results from the direction connection and applying IP Tunnel scenarios, IP Tunnel does not impose a noticable performance cost. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/15MultipathRateLimit.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Multipath bandwidth limiting} \end_inset Multiple path routing with bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard # of node \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 250 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 500 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 18.59 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 18.94 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 65.78 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100.45 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 124.91 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 98.13 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 156.43 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 2 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 34.52 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 75.72 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 160.09 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 215.88 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 284.61 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 342.22 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 823.66 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 3 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 52.62 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 132.81 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 239.66 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 339.72 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 553.93 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 507.35 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1145.6 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 4 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 71.8 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 169.92 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 372.87 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 557.24 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 539.76 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 932.85 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1861.99 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 5 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 90.27 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 235.85 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 378.31 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 700.82 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 943.65 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1181.53 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 2355.65 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Multipath bandwidth limiting} \end_inset Multiple path routing with bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard One of the most important observations reported by this thesis is how the multiple path Linux code modifications utilaizes the other nodes. For example, notice how the bandwidth increase as additional nodes are added. In some cases the additonal node increases the bandwidth by a multiple of the number of nodes. One node is 18.59 k/Bs and three nodes is 52.62 kB/s, almost three times the bandwidth. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/16MultipathRateLimitWBuffer.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting} \end_inset Multiple path routing with buffer and bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard # of node \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 250 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 500 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 18.59 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 19.29 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 65.75 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 105.93 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 124.91 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 110.03 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 124.86 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 2 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 34.25 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 76.65 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 114.26 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 122.87 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150.46 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 276.04 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 344.46 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 3 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 53.6 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 129.88 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 209.03 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 365.87 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 371.56 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 548.52 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 976.49 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 4 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 70.97 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 167.49 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 305.79 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 427.14 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 733.86 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 917.5 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1831.78 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 5 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 89.35 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 233.55 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 466.35 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 513.21 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 929.92 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1162.14 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 2325.29 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting} \end_inset Multiple path routing with buffer and bandwidth rate limiting \end_inset \layout Standard The data from the multiple path with a buffer was a baffle. The research team believed if a buffer was applied to the muliple kernel modifications the bandwidth would increase \begin_inset LatexCommand \citep{Bohacek2003} \end_inset . Multipath routing has a performance hit because of out of sequence packets. A solution to out of sequence packets was to create a buffer. The results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Multipath bandwidth limiting} \end_inset and Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting} \end_inset show buffering based on the connection causes an additional overhead hit and lowers the bandwidth. \layout Section Weighted scenarios \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Weighted-scenarios} \end_inset \layout Standard These tests were done for two reasons: to see the effect of one connection having lower bandwidth and how applying a weight to the number of packets going to a given connection affects the result bandwidth. Kernel modifications allow redirection of packets and can allow a weight, a number of packets a destination receives, to assigned to each of the intermediate proxies. A weight of 1:6 means the first proxy receives one packet while the other proxies receive six packets of the seven packets sent. This weighted distribution is shown in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: WeightedPacketDistro} \end_inset . \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/17weightDiagram.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: WeightedPacketDistro} \end_inset Weighted packet distribution for a 1:6 ratio \end_inset \layout Standard The purpose for the weighted packet distribution is out of sequence packets. Multiple path routing causes a number of out of sequence packets; when a path to an intermediate proxy is a lower bandwidth then the other connections , out of sequence packets happen more frequently and is more of a real world problem. The idea of one path at a lower bandwidth than the other paths is illustrated in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: One path with bandwidth lower then the other paths} \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/18OnePathResDiagram.eps \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: One path with bandwidth lower then the other paths} \end_inset One path with bandwidth lower then the other paths \end_inset \layout Subsection Weighted paths and one path with small bandwidth \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Weighted-paths-and} \end_inset \layout Standard This scenario takes restricts the first path by a controlled bandwidth and applies a weight the number of packets per each path. \layout Standard In the graphs, the first path is bandwidth controlled by the bandwidth in the key. The bandwidth on the x-axis is the result bandwidth between the client and server. The y-axis is the weight ratio for the packets going to each of the nodes. The first ratio value goes to the first node; remaining ratio is equally given to the remaining paths. For these tests, only two and five nodes were tested. A one node test would be a repeat from Tables\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Table: Multipath bandwidth limiting} \end_inset and\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Table: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting} \end_inset . Since packet buffering is also being studied, the last two tests are with packet buffering. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/19TwoNodeWeightNoBuffer.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Weight ratio \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 250 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout 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\begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7720.03 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 8171.29 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 10010.05 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1:50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 6735.84 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 1526.95 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 8058.24 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9238.52 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 10543.52 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 9898.79 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 10386.47 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Two nodes with no buffer and weighted} \end_inset Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard The results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset shows bandwidth incerases with the number of packets weighted towards a paths without any latency. This in addition to multiple path routing, the results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset show additional bandwidth gains by placing a weight on each of the connections. These results show the potential of writing a scheduler to apply weights. The scheduler could change weights based on current bandwidth readings \begin_inset Foot collapsed false \layout Standard The Linux kernel has timers and the infastructure to montior and determine the current bandwidth. Two examples are the TCP timers for sending duplicate acknowledgements and the IP Chains for restricting bandwidth to a set value. \end_inset to further increase bandwidth. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/20FiveNodeWeightNoBuffer.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Weight ratio \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 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none 9471.17 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 10889.49 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 11070.3 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 11089.29 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted} \end_inset Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset is another set of results showing the benifits of applying a weight to the packets intermediate proxy and is also another reference showing the benifits of multiple path routing where increasing the number of intermeidate proxies increases the overall bandwidth. \layout Standard The next two results are from tests done with a connection based buffer with a maximum buffer size of 100 packets. The buffer stores packets until the correct and expected packet arrives and sents the sorted packets to be processed. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/21TwoNodeWeightWithBuffer.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Weight ratio \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 200 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 250 \end_inset 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Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset does further solidifies the efficency of placing a weight on the intermediate proxies by testing these results with a buffer. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/22FiveNodeWeightWithBuffer.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard Weight ratio \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout 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none 5218.48 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 7334.42 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 10258.47 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 11088.64 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 11082.53 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Five nodes with buffer and weighted} \end_inset Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution \end_inset \layout Standard Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset compared to Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset demonstrates buffering the incoming packets cases a bandwidth penality greater than the duplicate acknowledgement from without a buffer. Ethereal network taps have shown the buffering does actually significantly reduce the dupicate acknowledgements caused by the multiple path technique to a problem explained further in Section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Packet-buffering} \end_inset . \layout Subsection Weighed paths, one path with small bandwidth, and additional paths bandwidth controlled \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Weighed-pathsOverallBandwidthControlled} \end_inset \layout Standard Early results indicated a smaller overall bandwidth would validate time penalty with buffering and sorting incoming packets. This lead to this additional set of tests where one node is heavily bandwidth limited and weights applied to each path. There are one sets of tests taken: 100 kilobytes per second overall bandwidth. \layout Standard The results below have an overall bandwidth of 100 kilobytes per second on each node and the first node is further bandwidth restricted based on the bandwidth in the key. These results are for two and five nodes. Y-axis represents the weight ratio applied to the first path and the remaining paths. 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off \bar no \noun off \color none 121.51 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 104.42 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 105.15 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 107.26 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Two nodes No buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset Two nodes, without buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100 kB/s \end_inset \layout Standard Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset shows no major impact with rate limiting the remaining connections. With virtual machines where the overal bandwidth is restricted by the virtual network device, even slower bandwidths (4-5 kB/s) were initially seen and gave the theory excessive bandwidth provides the TCP protocol a method for self correcting from extra duplicate acknowledgements. These results are proven inconclusive by Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset showing there is greater than single digit bandwidth as demonstrated with the virtual machines. \layout Standard Additional tests were done with buffering and were similar to the differences in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset . These results were the final proof buffering the incoming packets was more of a cost than a benifit. \layout Standard \begin_inset Float figure placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \align center \begin_inset Graphics filename Figures/24FiveNodeWeightNoBufferOverAllRateLimitted.eps display none \end_inset \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Fig: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset Five nodes, with buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100 kB/s \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset Float table placement H wide false collapsed false \layout Standard \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Weight ratio \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 20 kB/s \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 100 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 150 \end_inset 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Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 466.93 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 375.83 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 467.78 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 466.94 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset Five nodes, with buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100 kB/s \end_inset \layout Standard The thesis writer debated on the necessity of the results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Fig: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset . The main point of Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Fig: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset and Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset shows under further constraints how multiple path routing and placing a weight on the intermediate packets increases bandwidth. \layout Section Buffer results \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Buffer-results} \end_inset \layout Standard These last set of results answer the question if the overall bandwidth is affected by available buffer size. In the experiments with debug turned on, the buffer never appeared to go above a size of 20. 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\end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 98.39 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 144.63 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard 50 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 18.93 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 47.1 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 65.65 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 100.32 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 124.91 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 98.39 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family roman \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 144.08 \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard \SpecialChar ~ \newline \layout Caption \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: BufferSize} \end_inset Buffer size changing with controlled bandwidth \end_inset \layout Standard Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Fig: BufferSize} \end_inset shows the bandwidth is control by the restriction placed on the connection and not by changing the buffer size. \layout Standard Additional bandwidth limiters were requested in addition to HB, the techique to restrict bandwidth using ipchains described in Section\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-using-TC} \end_inset . Tests with a 10Mbit hub were performed. These results were very poor because of the number of collisions and gave inconstancies. \layout Section Summary of results \layout Standard The main results for the scenarios show multiple path routing increases bandwidth, and weighted multiple path routing increases bandwidth further. \layout Subsection Multiple path routing \layout Standard The results from Sections\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Bandwidth-controlled-scenario} \end_inset and\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Weighted-scenarios} \end_inset show the bandwidth increase as Multiple path routing is turned activated within the kernel and intermediate proxies are added. The bandwidth increases almost proportionally with the addition of proxy nodes. Further tests were done to make sure the TCP was not compensating with all the excessive bandwidth results are shown in \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset , and Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Table: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited} \end_inset . These results restricted the overall bandwidth between proxy nodes and show TCP compensates for out-of-order sequences. \layout Subsection Weighted multiple path routing \layout Standard Tests in Section\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Weighted-scenarios} \end_inset also showed the potential to further increased bandwidth by applying a weight to each path going to the intermediate proxies. As the ratio changes, more packets going to paths with higher bandwidth, the overall bandwidth increases. Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset and Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset show the increase in bandwidth as the packet ratio changes. \layout Subsection Buffering \layout Standard Buffering takes a performance hit and only under unreliable, and low bandwidth increases the overall bandwidth. This can be proven by looking at results in Sections\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Bandwidth-controlled-scenario} \end_inset and\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Weighted-scenarios} \end_inset with those including buffering and those same conditions without buffering (e.g., Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset and Fig.\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution} \end_inset . \layout Standard Since these results differed from the intial results done on virtual machines, a couple of theories arrose from researchers. \layout Itemize The first packet in the TCP's three way hand shake was always going to the slow path and could slow the overall connection speed. This theory was disproven with unpublished results where the first packet went to a higher bandwidth path. \layout Itemize The having unlimited bandwidth (100 megabits per second) on the remaining connections would allows the TCP protocol to recover from out of order sequences. Other tests done with the overall bandwidth capped, showed the TCP protocol still performed well even without excessive bandwidth. \layout Standard The results in Section\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Buffer-results} \end_inset also show the size of the buffer does not affect bandwidth. So the tests with the buffer show, buffering the incoming packets takes a higher penality the advantage of removing duplicate packets and is a good for future references. The connection-based buffering technique described in section\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Packet-buffering} \end_inset might also benfit another project where bandwidth speed is less of an issue. \the_end