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\paperpagestyle fancy
\layout Chapter
Performance Analysis
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:Performance-Analysis}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Hundreds of tests were done using a socket connection Perl script.
The Perl script would establish a connection and transmit configuration
parameters for both the client and server.
The script would wait a given time to verify the settings were accepted
on the server and use apache bench as a web benchmark.
Apache bench contains statistical information.
For many tests, the webpage was retrieved up to 5 times and if the mean
and median were not within a given threshold, the test would be invalidated.
\layout Standard
These results were collected and verified.
The results below are of the average bandwidth given in kilobytes per second.
A diagram of the setup will help visualize the test scenario.
The computers in the testbed and used for these results were 10 machines
(with the same configuration) running Linux Fedora Core One with 600 MHz
Pentium III processors and 256 megabytes of memory with a modified 2.4.24
Linux kernel.
Kernel modifications were in the INET network implementation, and additional
proc values were added to enable access to these kernel values.
\layout Section
Baseline results
\layout Standard
These are the baseline results with no bandwidth limiting, weighting different
paths, or buffering incoming packets.
The remainder of the chapter tests deals with these different scenarios.
These results are straight baseline results.
Below in Fig\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:TypesOfConnections}
\end_inset
shows the four different types of connections.
\layout Standard
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\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/10connectionTypes.eps
display none
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:TypesOfConnections}
\end_inset
Types of connections
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Direct connection is a connection without any modifications.
IP Tunnel is a connection using packet with two IP headers.
The first header goes to the intermediate proxy (or gateway) and is stripped
off.
The second header contains the destination's IP address and is routed to
the destination by the intermediate proxy.
\layout Standard
Multiple path routing uses IP tunneling and kernel modifications to switch
the intermediate server.
Multiple Path Routing with Packet Buffering has a buffer before the TCP
processing kernel code.
This buffer sorts out of sequence packets.
\layout Standard
Below are the results both in Table\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:Baseline}
\end_inset
and Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{graph:Baseline}
\end_inset
displaying the control bandwidth for the different types of connections.
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\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/11GraphBaseline.eps
display none
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{graph:Baseline}
\end_inset
Baseline results
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The multiple path tests are done over five intermediate servers (or nodes).
Since there is no kernel code modifications for the Direct Connection and
IP Tunnel connections only one node is listed.
This is to represent no intermediate node for these two connections.
\layout Standard
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0 or 1 node
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2 nodes
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3 nodes
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4 nodes
\end_inset
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5 nodes
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Direct Connect
\end_inset
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11228.4
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Direct Connect (Other Compute)
\end_inset
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11398.82
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IP Tunnel
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10651.68
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IP Tunnel (Other Computer)
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11244.47
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\family roman
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Multipath
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8645.98
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11001.57
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10010.8
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10748.66
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10478.11
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Multipath with buffering
\end_inset
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9875.86
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10206.51
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9699.83
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9996.66
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11049.27
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\SpecialChar ~
\newline
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:Baseline}
\end_inset
Baseline results
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The Direct Connection and the IP Tunnel were also benchmarked on other machines
to further test the control.
These two additional results were added to the table but are not in the
Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{graph:Baseline}
\end_inset
.
These additional baseline tests were done on Pentium III's with 1 Gigahertz
processors.
\layout Section
Bandwidth controlled scenario
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Bandwidth-controlled-scenario}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The first scenario is to rate the overall connection speed to a set bandwidth
and see how the result bandwidth between the server and the client is affected.
The purpose of this test is to eliminate any additional factors assisting
the TCP processing (e.g., high bandwidth allowing for quick recovery for
out of sequence packets); it also provides a more real world scenario because
long distance Internet connections generally do not have 100 megabit bandwidth.
It least not at the time of the writing of this thesis.
\layout Standard
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\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/12bandwidthRestriction.eps
display none
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\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: bandwidth limited scenario}
\end_inset
Bandwidth limited scenario
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The next set of graphs will be broken up based on connection.
The first two graphs will not have any intermediate nodes.
There are two sets of bandwidth in addition to the number of nodes.
The bandwidth for each bar (located in the key) is the bandwidth the connection
is bandwidth rate limited.
The x-axis is the result bandwidth between the client and the server.
\layout Standard
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\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/13DirectConnectRateLimit.eps
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\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{graph: DirectConnection w/ bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
Direct connection with bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
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20 kB/s
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50
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100
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500
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Direct Connect
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19.16
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47.89
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95.68
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143.57
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191.1
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238.93
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475.91
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\SpecialChar ~
\newline
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:Baseline}
\end_inset
Direct connection with bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
\layout Standard
For direct connection scenario baseline, the resultant bandwidth shows a
coorlation to the bandwidth restrictions.
For example, 19.16 kB/s is the resultant bandwidth for a restriction set
at 20 kB/s.
This verifies the restrictors works with a small devation of less than
9 percent.
\layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
collapsed false
\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/14IPTunnelRateLimit.eps
display none
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: IPTunnel w/ bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
IP Tunnel with bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
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20 kB/s
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50
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100
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250
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500
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IP Tunnel
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19.18
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47.91
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95.84
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148.8
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191.5
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239.81
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477.58
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\SpecialChar ~
\newline
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:IPTunnel w/ bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
IP Tunnel with bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
\layout Standard
One observation shown in the results from the direction connection and applying
IP Tunnel scenarios, IP Tunnel does not impose a noticable performance
cost.
\layout Standard
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\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/15MultipathRateLimit.eps
display none
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\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Multipath bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
Multiple path routing with bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
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# of node
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20 kB/s
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50
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100
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150
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200
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250
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\begin_inset Text
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500
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1
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18.59
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18.94
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65.78
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100.45
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124.91
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98.13
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156.43
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2
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34.52
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75.72
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160.09
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215.88
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284.61
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342.22
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823.66
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3
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52.62
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132.81
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239.66
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339.72
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553.93
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507.35
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1145.6
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4
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71.8
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169.92
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372.87
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557.24
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539.76
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932.85
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1861.99
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5
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90.27
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235.85
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378.31
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700.82
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943.65
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1181.53
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2355.65
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\SpecialChar ~
\newline
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Multipath bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
Multiple path routing with bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
\layout Standard
One of the most important observations reported by this thesis is how the
multiple path Linux code modifications utilaizes the other nodes.
For example, notice how the bandwidth increase as additional nodes are
added.
In some cases the additonal node increases the bandwidth by a multiple
of the number of nodes.
One node is 18.59 k/Bs and three nodes is 52.62 kB/s, almost three times
the bandwidth.
\layout Standard
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placement H
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\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/16MultipathRateLimitWBuffer.eps
display none
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
Multiple path routing with buffer and bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
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# of node
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20 kB/s
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50
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250
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500
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1
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18.59
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19.29
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65.75
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105.93
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124.91
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110.03
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124.86
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2
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34.25
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76.65
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114.26
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122.87
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150.46
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276.04
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344.46
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3
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53.6
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129.88
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209.03
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365.87
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371.56
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548.52
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976.49
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4
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70.97
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167.49
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305.79
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427.14
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733.86
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917.5
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1831.78
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5
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89.35
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233.55
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466.35
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513.21
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929.92
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1162.14
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2325.29
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\newline
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
Multiple path routing with buffer and bandwidth rate limiting
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The data from the multiple path with a buffer was a baffle.
The research team believed if a buffer was applied to the muliple kernel
modifications the bandwidth would increase
\begin_inset LatexCommand \citep{Bohacek2003}
\end_inset
.
Multipath routing has a performance hit because of out of sequence packets.
A solution to out of sequence packets was to create a buffer.
The results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Multipath bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
and Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
show buffering based on the connection causes an additional overhead hit
and lowers the bandwidth.
\layout Section
Weighted scenarios
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Weighted-scenarios}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
These tests were done for two reasons: to see the effect of one connection
having lower bandwidth and how applying a weight to the number of packets
going to a given connection affects the result bandwidth.
Kernel modifications allow redirection of packets and can allow a weight,
a number of packets a destination receives, to assigned to each of the
intermediate proxies.
A weight of 1:6 means the first proxy receives one packet while the other
proxies receive six packets of the seven packets sent.
This weighted distribution is shown in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: WeightedPacketDistro}
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
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\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/17weightDiagram.eps
display none
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: WeightedPacketDistro}
\end_inset
Weighted packet distribution for a 1:6 ratio
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The purpose for the weighted packet distribution is out of sequence packets.
Multiple path routing causes a number of out of sequence packets; when
a path to an intermediate proxy is a lower bandwidth then the other connections
, out of sequence packets happen more frequently and is more of a real world
problem.
The idea of one path at a lower bandwidth than the other paths is illustrated
in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: One path with bandwidth lower then the other paths}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
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\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename Figures/18OnePathResDiagram.eps
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: One path with bandwidth lower then the other paths}
\end_inset
One path with bandwidth lower then the other paths
\end_inset
\layout Subsection
Weighted paths and one path with small bandwidth
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Weighted-paths-and}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
This scenario takes restricts the first path by a controlled bandwidth and
applies a weight the number of packets per each path.
\layout Standard
In the graphs, the first path is bandwidth controlled by the bandwidth in
the key.
The bandwidth on the x-axis is the result bandwidth between the client
and server.
The y-axis is the weight ratio for the packets going to each of the nodes.
The first ratio value goes to the first node; remaining ratio is equally
given to the remaining paths.
For these tests, only two and five nodes were tested.
A one node test would be a repeat from Tables\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Table: Multipath bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
and\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Table: Multipath with buffer bandwidth limiting}
\end_inset
.
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Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution
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The results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
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show additional bandwidth gains by placing a weight on each of the connections.
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Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution
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Fig.\SpecialChar ~
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is another set of results showing the benifits of applying a weight to
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The next two results are from tests done with a connection based buffer
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Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Two nodes with buffer and weighted}
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Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution
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The results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution}
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are the a continuation of results disproving the efficency of buffering
the incoming packets.
Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution}
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does further solidifies the efficency of placing a weight on the intermediate
proxies by testing these results with a buffer.
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Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Five nodes with buffer and weighted}
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Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution
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Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution}
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compared to Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution}
\end_inset
demonstrates buffering the incoming packets cases a bandwidth penality
greater than the duplicate acknowledgement from without a buffer.
Ethereal network taps have shown the buffering does actually significantly
reduce the dupicate acknowledgements caused by the multiple path technique
to a problem explained further in Section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Packet-buffering}
\end_inset
.
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Weighed paths, one path with small bandwidth, and additional paths bandwidth
controlled
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:Weighed-pathsOverallBandwidthControlled}
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Early results indicated a smaller overall bandwidth would validate time
penalty with buffering and sorting incoming packets.
This lead to this additional set of tests where one node is heavily bandwidth
limited and weights applied to each path.
There are one sets of tests taken: 100 kilobytes per second overall bandwidth.
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The results below have an overall bandwidth of 100 kilobytes per second
on each node and the first node is further bandwidth restricted based on
the bandwidth in the key.
These results are for two and five nodes.
Y-axis represents the weight ratio applied to the first path and the remaining
paths.
The X-axis is the result bandwidth between the client and server.
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
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Two nodes, without buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Two nodes No buffer weighted and rate limited}
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Two nodes, without buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100
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Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
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shows no major impact with rate limiting the remaining connections.
With virtual machines where the overal bandwidth is restricted by the virtual
network device, even slower bandwidths (4-5 kB/s) were initially seen and
gave the theory excessive bandwidth provides the TCP protocol a method
for self correcting from extra duplicate acknowledgements.
These results are proven inconclusive by Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
\end_inset
showing there is greater than single digit bandwidth as demonstrated with
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Additional tests were done with buffering and were similar to the differences
in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution}
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Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution}
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.
These results were the final proof buffering the incoming packets was more
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Fig: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
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Five nodes, with buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
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Five nodes, with buffer, first node bandwidth variable, other nodes 100
kB/s
\end_inset
\layout Standard
The thesis writer debated on the necessity of the results in Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Fig: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
\end_inset
.
The main point of Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Fig: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
\end_inset
and Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
\end_inset
shows under further constraints how multiple path routing and placing a
weight on the intermediate packets increases bandwidth.
\layout Section
Buffer results
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Buffer-results}
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These last set of results answer the question if the overall bandwidth is
affected by available buffer size.
In the experiments with debug turned on, the buffer never appeared to go
above a size of 20.
These tests restrict the overall bandwidth on a one node connection and
change the buffer size.
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Fig: BufferSize}
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Buffer size changing with controlled bandwidth
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Buffer Size
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50
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\SpecialChar ~
\newline
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{Table: BufferSize}
\end_inset
Buffer size changing with controlled bandwidth
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Fig: BufferSize}
\end_inset
shows the bandwidth is control by the restriction placed on the connection
and not by changing the buffer size.
\layout Standard
Additional bandwidth limiters were requested in addition to HB, the techique
to restrict bandwidth using ipchains described in Section\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Testing-using-TC}
\end_inset
.
Tests with a 10Mbit hub were performed.
These results were very poor because of the number of collisions and gave
inconstancies.
\layout Section
Summary of results
\layout Standard
The main results for the scenarios show multiple path routing increases
bandwidth, and weighted multiple path routing increases bandwidth further.
\layout Subsection
Multiple path routing
\layout Standard
The results from Sections\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Bandwidth-controlled-scenario}
\end_inset
and\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Weighted-scenarios}
\end_inset
show the bandwidth increase as Multiple path routing is turned activated
within the kernel and intermediate proxies are added.
The bandwidth increases almost proportionally with the addition of proxy
nodes.
Further tests were done to make sure the TCP was not compensating with
all the excessive bandwidth results are shown in
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
\end_inset
, and Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{Table: Five nodes no buffer weighted and rate limited}
\end_inset
.
These results restricted the overall bandwidth between proxy nodes and
show TCP compensates for out-of-order sequences.
\layout Subsection
Weighted multiple path routing
\layout Standard
Tests in Section\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Weighted-scenarios}
\end_inset
also showed the potential to further increased bandwidth by applying a
weight to each path going to the intermediate proxies.
As the ratio changes, more packets going to paths with higher bandwidth,
the overall bandwidth increases.
Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Two nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution}
\end_inset
and Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution}
\end_inset
show the increase in bandwidth as the packet ratio changes.
\layout Subsection
Buffering
\layout Standard
Buffering takes a performance hit and only under unreliable, and low bandwidth
increases the overall bandwidth.
This can be proven by looking at results in Sections\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Bandwidth-controlled-scenario}
\end_inset
and\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Weighted-scenarios}
\end_inset
with those including buffering and those same conditions without buffering
(e.g., Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with no buffer and weighted packet distribution}
\end_inset
and Fig.\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig: Five nodes with buffer and weighted packet distribution}
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
Since these results differed from the intial results done on virtual machines,
a couple of theories arrose from researchers.
\layout Itemize
The first packet in the TCP's three way hand shake was always going to the
slow path and could slow the overall connection speed.
This theory was disproven with unpublished results where the first packet
went to a higher bandwidth path.
\layout Itemize
The having unlimited bandwidth (100 megabits per second) on the remaining
connections would allows the TCP protocol to recover from out of order
sequences.
Other tests done with the overall bandwidth capped, showed the TCP protocol
still performed well even without excessive bandwidth.
\layout Standard
The results in Section\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Buffer-results}
\end_inset
also show the size of the buffer does not affect bandwidth.
So the tests with the buffer show, buffering the incoming packets takes
a higher penality the advantage of removing duplicate packets and is a
good for future references.
The connection-based buffering technique described in section\SpecialChar ~
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Packet-buffering}
\end_inset
might also benfit another project where bandwidth speed is less of an issue.
\the_end