NAMED(8) BSD System Manager's Manual NAMED(8) NNAAMMEE nnaammeedd - Internet domain name server (DNS) SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS NNAAMMEEDD [--dd _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l] [--pp _p_o_r_t_#] [--(bb|cc) _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e] [--ff --qq --rr --vv] [--uu _u_s_e_r___n_a_m_e] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p___n_a_m_e] [--tt _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [--ww _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [_c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN NNaammeedd is the Internet domain name server. See RFC's 1033, 1034, and 1035 for more information on the Internet name-domain system. Without any ar- guments, nnaammeedd will read the default configuration file _/_e_t_c_/_n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f, read any initial data, and listen for queries. A _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e argument given at the end of the command line will override any _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e speci- fied by using the ``--bb'' or ``--cc'' flags. NNOOTTEE:: Several of nnaammeedd's options, and much more of its behaviour, can be controlled in the configuration file. Please refer to the configuration file guide included with this BBIINNDD distribution for further information. Options are: --dd _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l Print debugging information. The _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l is a number de- termines the level of messages printed. If negative, _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l is set to ``1''. NNOOTTEE:: The new debugging framework is considerably more so- phisticated than it was in older versions of NNAAMMEEDD. The con- figuration file's ``logging'' statement allows for multiple, distinct levels of debugging for each of a large set of cate- gories of events (such as queries, transfers in or out, etc.). Please refer to the configuration file guide included with this BBIINNDD distribution for further information about these extensive new capabilities. --pp _p_o_r_t_# Use the specified remote port number; this is the port number to which NNAAMMEEDD will send queries. The default value is the standard port number, i.e., the port number returned by get- servbyname(3) for service ``domain''. NNOOTTEE:: Previously, the syntax ``--pp _p_o_r_t_#[_/_l_o_c_a_l_p_o_r_t_#]'' was supported; the first port was that used when contacting _r_e_m_o_t_e servers, and the second one was the service port bound by the _l_o_c_a_l instance of NNAAMMEEDD. The current usage is equiva- lent to the old usage without the _l_o_c_a_l_p_o_r_t_# specified; this functionality can be specified with the ``listen-on'' clause of the configuration file's ``options'' statement. --(bb|cc) _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e Use an alternate _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e; this argument is overridden by any _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e which is specified at the end of the command line. The default value is _/_e_t_c_/_n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f. --ff Run this process in the foreground; don't fork(2) and daemo- nize. (The default is to daemonize.) --qq Trace all incoming queries if NNAAMMEEDD has been compiled with QRYLOG defined. NNOOTTEE:: This option is deprecated in favor of the ``queries'' _l_o_g_g_i_n_g _c_a_t_e_g_o_r_y of the configuration file's ``logging'' statement; for more information, please refer to the configu- ration file guide included with this distribution of BBIINNDD. --rr Turns recursion off in the server. Answers can come only from local (primary or secondary) zones. This can be used on root servers. The default is to use recursion. NNOOTTEE:: This option can be overridden by and is deprecated in favor of the ``recursion'' clause of the configuration file's ``options'' statement. --vv Report the version and exit. --uu _u_s_e_r___n_a_m_e Specifies the user the server should run as after it initial- izes. The value specified may be either a username or a nu- meric user id. If the ``--gg'' flag is not specified, then the group id used will be the primary group of the user specified (initgroups() is called, so all of the user's groups will be available to the server). --gg _g_r_o_u_p___n_a_m_e Specifies the group the server should run as after it ini- tializes. The value specified may be either a groupname or a numeric group id. --tt _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Specifies the directory the server should chroot() into as soon as it is finshed processing command line arguments. --ww _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y Sets the working directory of the server. The ``directory'' clause of the configuration file's ``options'' statement overrides any value specified on the command line. The de- fault working directory is the current directory (``.''). Any additional argument is taken as the name of the configuration file, for compatibility with older implementations; as noted above, this argu- ment overrides any _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e specified by the use of the ``--bb'' or ``--cc'' flags. If no further argument is given, then the default configu- ration file is used (_/_e_t_c_/_n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f). MMaasstteerr FFiillee FFoorrmmaatt The master file consists of control information and a list of resource records for objects in the zone of the forms: $INCLUDE $ORIGIN $TTL where: _d_o_m_a_i_n is ``.'' for root, ``@'' for the current origin, or a stan- dard domain name. If _d_o_m_a_i_n is a standard domain name that does _n_o_t end with ``.'', the current origin is appended to the domain. Domain names ending with ``.'' are unmodified. _o_p_t___d_o_m_a_i_n This field is used to define an origin for the data in an included file. It is equivalent to placing an $ORIGIN statement before the first line of the included file. The field is optional. Neither the _o_p_t___d_o_m_a_i_n field nor $ORIGIN statements in the included file modify the current origin for this file. _t_t_l A integer number that sets the default time-to-live for fu- ture records without an explicit ttl. _o_p_t___t_t_l An optional integer number for the time-to-live field. If not set the ttl is taken from the last $TTL statement. If no $TTL statement has occured then the SOA minimum value is used and a warning is generated. _o_p_t___c_l_a_s_s The object address type; currently only one type is sup- ported, IN, for objects connected to the DARPA Internet. _t_y_p_e This field contains one of the following tokens; the data expected in the _r_e_s_o_u_r_c_e___r_e_c_o_r_d___d_a_t_a field is in parenthe- ses: A a host address (dotted-quad IP address) NS an authoritative name server (domain) MX a mail exchanger (domain), preceded by a preference value (0..32767), with lower numeric values representing higher logical preferences. CNAME the canonical name for an alias (domain) SOA marks the start of a zone of authority (domain of originating host, domain ad- dress of maintainer, a serial number and the following parameters in seconds: re- fresh, retry, expire and minimum TTL (see RFC 883 and RFC 2308)). NULL a null resource record (no format or data) RP a Responsible Person for some domain name (mailbox, TXT-referral) PTR a domain name pointer (domain) HINFO host information (cpu_type OS_type) Resource records normally end at the end of a line, but may be continued across lines between opening and closing parentheses. Comments are in- troduced by semicolons and continue to the end of the line. NNOOTTEE:: There are other resource record types not shown here. You should consult the BBIINNDD Operations Guide (``BOG'') for the complete list. Some resource record types may have been standardized in newer RFC's but not yet implemented in this version of BBIINNDD. SSOOAA RReeccoorrdd FFoorrmmaatt Each master zone file should begin with an SOA record for the zone. An example SOA record is as follows: @ IN SOA ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. rwh.ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. ( 1989020501 ; serial 10800 ; refresh 3600 ; retry 3600000 ; expire 86400 ) ; minimum The SOA specifies a serial number, which should be changed each time the master file is changed. Note that the serial number can be given as a dotted number, but this is a _v_e_r_y unwise thing to do since the transla- tion to normal integers is via concatenation rather than multiplication and addition. You can spell out the year, month, day of month, and 0..99 version number and still fit inside the unsigned 32-bit size of this field. (It's true that we will have to rethink this strategy in the year 4294, but we're not worried about it.) Secondary servers check the serial number at intervals specified by the refresh time in seconds; if the serial number changes, a zone transfer will be done to load the new data. If a master server cannot be contact- ed when a refresh is due, the retry time specifies the interval at which refreshes should be attempted. If a master server cannot be contacted within the interval given by the expire time, all data from the zone is discarded by secondary servers. The minimum value is the cache time-to- live for negative answers (RFC 2308). NNOOTTEESS The boot file directives ``domain'' and ``suffixes'' have been obsoleted by a more useful, resolver-based implementation of suffixing for partial- ly-qualified domain names. The prior mechanisms could fail under a num- ber of situations, especially when then local nameserver did not have complete information. The following signals have the specified effect when sent to the server process using the kill(1) command: SIGHUP Causes server to read _n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f and reload the database. If the server is built with the FORCED_RELOAD compile-time option, then SIGHUP will also cause the server to check the serial num- ber on all secondary zones; normally, the serial numbers are only checked at the SOA-specified intervals. SIGINT Dumps the current data base and cache to ``_/_v_a_r_/_t_m_p_/_n_a_m_e_d___d_u_m_p_._d_b'' or the value of _PATH_DUMPFILE. SIGILL Dumps statistics data into _n_a_m_e_d_._s_t_a_t_s if the server is com- piled with -DSTATS. Statistics data is appended to the file. SIGSYS Dumps the profiling data in _/_v_a_r_/_t_m_p if the server is compiled with profiling (server forks, chdirs and exits). SIGTERM Saves any modified dynamic zones to the file system, and shuts down the server. SIGUSR1 Turns on debugging; each SIGUSR1 increments debug level. (SIGEMTon older systems without SIGUSR1.) SIGUSR2 Turns off debugging completely. (SIGFPEon older systems without SIGUSR2.) SIGWINCH Toggles logging of all incoming queries via syslog(8) (requires server to have been built with the QRYLOG option). FFIILLEESS /etc/named.conf default name server configu- ration file /var/run/named.pid (_PATH_PIDFILE) the process id /var/tmp/named_dump.db (_PATH_DUMPFILE) dump of the name server database /var/tmp/named.run (file: _PATH_DEBUG) debug output /var/tmp/named.stats (file: _PATH_STATS) nameserver statistics data SSEEEE AALLSSOO gethostbyname(3), hostname(7), kill(1), resolver(3), resolver(5), signal(2), RFC 882, RFC 883, RFC 973, RFC 974, RFC 1033, RFC 1034, RFC 1035, RFC 1123, RFC 2308 ``Name Server Operations Guide for BBIINNDD'' 4th Berkeley Distribution February 1, 1996 4