DIG(1) BSD Reference Manual DIG(1) NNAAMMEE ddiigg - send domain name query packets to name servers SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ddiigg [@@_s_e_r_v_e_r] _d_o_m_a_i_n [<_q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e>] [<_q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s>] [++<_q_u_e_r_y_-_o_p_t_i_o_n>] [--<_d_i_g_-_o_p_t_i_o_n>] [_%_c_o_m_m_e_n_t] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN DDiigg (domain information groper) is a flexible command line tool which can be used to gather information from the Domain Name System servers. DDiigg has two modes: simple interactive mode for a single query, and batch mode which executes a query for each in a list of several query lines. All query options are accessible from the command line. The usual simple use of ddiigg will take the form: ddiigg @@_s_e_r_v_e_r _d_o_m_a_i_n _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s where: _s_e_r_v_e_r may be either a domain name or a dot-notation Internet ad- dress. If this optional field is omitted, ddiigg will attempt to use the default name server for your machine. _N_o_t_e_: If a domain name is specified, this will be resolved using the domain name system resolver (i.e., BIND). If your system does not support DNS, you may _h_a_v_e to specify a dot- notation address. Alternatively, if there is a server at your disposal somewhere, all that is required is that _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f be present and indicate where the default name servers reside, so that _s_e_r_v_e_r itself can be resolved. See resolver(5) for information on _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f. WWAARRNNIINNGG:: Changing _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f will affect both the standard re- solver library and (potentially) several programs which use it. As an option, the user may set the environment variable LOCALRES to name a file which is to be used instead of _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f standard resolver (LOCALRESis specific to the ddiigg resolver and is not referenced by the). If the LOCALRES variable is not set or the specified file is not readable, then _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f will be used. _d_o_m_a_i_n is the domain name for which you are requesting information. See the --xx option (documented in the _O_T_H_E_R _O_P_T_I_O_N_S subsection of this section) for convenient way to specify inverse ad- dress query. _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e is the type of information (DNS query type) that you are re- questing. If omitted, the default is ``_a'' (T_A = _a_d_d_r_e_s_s). The following types are recognized: _a T_A network address _a_n_y T_ANY all/any information about specified domain _m_x T_MX mail exchanger for the domain _n_s T_NS name servers _s_o_a T_SOA zone of authority record _h_i_n_f_o T_HINFO host information _a_x_f_r T_AXFR zone transfer (must ask an authoritative server) _t_x_t T_TXT arbitrary number of strings (See RFC 1035 for the complete list.) _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s is the network class requested in the query. If omitted, the default is ``_i_n'' (C_IN = _I_n_t_e_r_n_e_t). The following classes are recognized: _i_n C_IN Internet class domain _a_n_y C_ANY all/any class information (See RFC 1035 for the complete list.) _N_o_t_e_: ``_A_n_y'' can be used to specify a _c_l_a_s_s and/or a _t_y_p_e of query. DDiigg will parse the first occurrence of ``_a_n_y'' to mean _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e _= T_ANY. To specify _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s _= C_ANY, you must either specify ``any'' twice, or set _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s using the --cc option (see below). OOTTHHEERR OOPPTTIIOONNSS %_i_g_n_o_r_e_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t ``%'' is used to included an argument that is simply not parsed. This may be useful if running ddiigg in batch mode. Instead of resolving every _@_s_e_r_v_e_r_-_d_o_m_a_i_n_-_n_a_m_e in a list of queries, you can avoid the overhead of doing so, and still have the domain name on the command line as a reference. Ex- ample: ddiigg @@112288..99..00..3322 %%vveenneerraa..iissii..eedduu mmxx iissii..eedduu --<_d_i_g _o_p_t_i_o_n> ``--'' is used to specify an option which affects the opera- tion of ddiigg. The following options are currently available (although not guaranteed to be useful): --xx _d_o_t_-_n_o_t_a_t_i_o_n_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s Convenient form to specify inverse address map- ping. Instead of ``ddiigg 3322..00..99..112288..iinn-- aaddddrr..aarrppaa'', one can simply ``ddiigg --xx 112288..99..00..3322''. --ff _f_i_l_e File for ddiigg batch mode. The file contains a list of query specifications ( ddiigg command lines) which are to be executed successively. Lines be- ginning with `;', `#', or `\n' are ignored. Oth- er options may still appear on command line, and will be in effect for each batch query. --TT _t_i_m_e Time in seconds between start of successive queries when running in batch mode. Can be used to keep two or more batch ddiigg commands running roughly in sync. Default is zero. --pp _p_o_r_t Port number. Query a name server listening to a non-standard port number. Default is 53. --PP[_p_i_n_g_-_s_t_r_i_n_g] After query returns, execute a ping(8) command for response time comparison. This rather unele- gantly makes a call to the shell. The last three lines of statistics is printed for the command: ppiinngg --ss --sseerrvveerr__nnaammee --5566 --33 If the optional ``_p_i_n_g___s_t_r_i_n_g'' is present, it replaces ``ppiinngg --ss'' in the shell command. --tt _q_u_e_r_y_-_t_y_p_e Specify type of query. May specify either an in- teger value to be included in the type field or use the abbreviated mnemonic as discussed above (i.e., _m_x _= T_MX). --cc _q_u_e_r_y_-_c_l_a_s_s Specify class of query. May specify either an in- teger value to be included in the class field or use the abbreviated mnemonic as discussed above (i.e., in = C_IN). --kk _k_e_y_d_i_r_:_k_e_y_n_a_m_e Sign the query with the TSIG key named keyname that is in the directory keydir. --eennvvssaavv This flag specifies that the ddiigg environment (de- faults, print options, etc.), after all of the arguments are parsed, should be saved to a file to become the default environment. This is use- ful if you do not like the standard set of de- faults and do not desire to include a large num- ber of options each time ddiigg is used. The envi- ronment consists of resolver state variable flags, timeout, and retries as well as the flags detailing ddiigg output (see below). If the shell environment variable LOCALDEF is set to the name of a file, this is where the default ddiigg environ- ment is saved. If not, the file ``_D_i_G_._e_n_v'' is created in the current working directory. _N_o_t_e_: LOCALDEF is specific to the ddiigg resolver, and will not affect operation of the standard re- solver library. Each time ddiigg is executed, it looks for ``_._/_D_i_G_._e_n_v'' or the file specified by the shell environment variable LOCALDEF. If such file ex- ists and is readable, then the environment is re- stored from this file before any arguments are parsed. --eennvvsseett This flag only affects batch query runs. When ``--eennvvsseett'' is specified on a line in a ddiigg batch file, the ddiigg environment after the arguments are parsed becomes the default environment for the duration of the batch file, or until the next line which specifies ``--eennvvsseett''. --[nnoo] ssttiicckk This flag only affects batch query runs. It specifies that the ddiigg environment (as read ini- tially or set by ``--eennvvsseett'' switch) is to be re- stored before each query (line) in a ddiigg batch file. The default ``--nnoossttiicckk'' means that the ddiigg environment does not stick, hence options specified on a single line in a ddiigg batch file will remain in effect for subsequent lines (i.e. they are not restored to the ``sticky'' default). ++<_q_u_e_r_y_-_o_p_t_i_o_n> ``+'' is used to specify an option to be changed in the query packet or to change ddiigg output specifics. Many of these are the same parameters accepted by nslookup(8). If an option requires a parameter, the form is as follows: ++ _k_e_y_w_o_r_d [=_v_a_l_u_e] Most keywords can be abbreviated. Parsing of the ``+'' op- tions is very simplistic -- a value must not be separated from its keyword by white space. The following keywords are currently available: Keyword Abbrev. Meaning [default] [nnoo] ddeebbuugg (ddeebb) turn on/off debugging mode [ddeebb] [nnoo] dd22 turn on/off extra debugging mode [nnoodd22] [nnoo] rreeccuurrssee (rreecc) use/don't use recursive lookup [rreecc] rreettrryy==_# (rreett) set number of retries to # [4] ttiimmee==_# (ttii) set timeout length to # seconds [4] [nnoo] kkoo keep open option (implies vc) [nnookkoo] [nnoo] vvcc use/don't use virtual circuit [nnoovvcc] [nnoo] ddeeffnnaammee (ddeeff) use/don't use default domain name [ddeeff] [nnoo] sseeaarrcchh (sseeaa) use/don't use domain search list [sseeaa] ddoommaaiinn==_N_A_M_E (ddoo) set default domain name to _N_A_M_E [nnoo] iiggnnoorree (ii) ignore/don't ignore trunc. errors [nnooii] [nnoo] pprriimmaarryy (pprr) use/don't use primary server [nnoopprr] [nnoo] aaaaoonnllyy (aaaa) authoritative query only flag [nnooaaaa] [nnoo] ccmmdd echo parsed arguments [ccmmdd] [nnoo] ssttaattss (sstt) print query statistics [sstt] [nnoo] HHeeaaddeerr (HH) print basic header [HH] [nnoo] hheeaaddeerr (hhee) print header flags [hhee] [nnoo] ttttlliidd (tttt) print TTLs [tttt] [nnoo] ccll print class info [nnooccll] [nnoo] qqrr print outgoing query [nnooqqrr] [nnoo] rreeppllyy (rreepp) print reply [rreepp] [nnoo] qquueess (qquu) print question section [qquu] [nnoo] aannsswweerr (aann) print answer section [aann] [nnoo] aauutthhoorr (aauu) print authoritative section [aauu] [nnoo] aaddddiitt (aadd) print additional section [aadd] ppffddeeff set to default print flags ppffmmiinn set to minimal default print flags ppffsseett==_# set print flags to # (# can be hex/octal/decimal) ppffaanndd==_# bitwise and print flags with # ppffoorr==_# bitwise or print flags with # The rreettrryy and ttiimmee options affect the retransmission strategy used by the resolver library when sending datagram queries. The algorithm is as follows: for i = 0 to retry - 1 for j = 1 to num_servers send_query wait((time * (2**i)) / num_servers) end end (Note: ddiigg always uses a value of 1 for ``num_servers''.) DDEETTAAIILLSS DDiigg once required a slightly modified version of the BIND resolver(3) li- brary. As of BIND 4.9, BIND's resolver has been augmented to work prop- erly with ddiigg. Essentially, ddiigg is a straight-forward (albeit not pretty) effort of parsing arguments and setting appropriate parameters. DDiigg uses resolver(3) routines rreess__iinniitt(), rreess__mmkkqquueerryy(), rreess__sseenndd() as well as ac- cessing the ___r_e_s structure. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT LOCALRES file to use in place of Pa /etc/resolv.conf LOCALDEF default environment file See also the explanation of the --eennvvssaavv, --eennvvsseett, and --[nnoo] ssttiicckk op- tions, above. FFIILLEESS /etc/resolv.conf initial domain name and name server addresses ./DiG.env default save file for default options SSEEEE AALLSSOO named(8), resolver(3), resolver(5), nslookup(8). SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS RFC 1035. AAUUTTHHOORR Steve Hotz hotz@isi.edu AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGMMEENNTTSS DDiigg uses functions from nslookup(8) authored by Andrew Cherenson. BBUUGGSS DDiigg has a serious case of "creeping featurism" -- the result of consider- ing several potential uses during it's development. It would probably benefit from a rigorous diet. Similarly, the print flags and granularity of the items they specify make evident their rather ad hoc genesis. DDiigg does not consistently exit nicely (with appropriate status) when a problem occurs somewhere in the resolver (NNOOTTEE::most of the common exit cases are handled). This is particularly annoying when running in batch mode. If it exits abnormally (and is not caught), the entire batch aborts; when such an event is trapped, ddiigg simply continues with the next query. 4th Berkeley Distribution August 30, 1990 5